Author Archive


Aug

23

Happy Blogiversary!


Posted by at 5:11 pm on August 23, 2007
Category: General

One Year Birthday CakeBecause it is another slow day in the export law world, I thought I’d use the opportunity of today’s post to note that on Tuesday Export Law Blog was one year old. Since our initial post, there have been 207 additional posts and 582 separate comments on those posts.

Traffic statistics are harder to measure, but one of my server statistics programs shows that we are up to about 4,000 unique visitors each month and about 600 visits per day. Around 250 people have signed up for our email notification service. And the Akismet comment spam filter has caught almost 4,000 (!) spam comments from enterprising souls who believe that the readers of this blog are really looking for links to kinky pornography sites of every conceivable permutation, pictures of Britney Spears in various states of undress, prescription drugs, and payday loans.

In all events, I want to take this opportunity to thank all the readers and commenters who have dropped by this year, as well as those who have sent kind emails and tips.

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Copyright © 2007 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
(No republication, syndication or use permitted without my consent.)

Aug

22

Don’t Believe Everything You Read in the Newspaper. . .


Posted by at 6:19 pm on August 22, 2007
Category: Cuba Sanctions

He Who Must Not Be Named. . . especially when the newspaper is Granma, the official daily “newspaper” of the Cuban government.

Export law news being somewhat slow in these final weeks of August, I thought it might be amusing to see what Granma had to say about the OFAC fine imposed on Travelocity for booking 1,458 trips to Cuba. And Granma, as usual, did not disappoint:

La administración Bush ha recrudecido la aplicación del cerco a la mayor de las Antillas, con especial ensañamiento contra su industria turística, el bloqueo se extiende incluso a los medicamentos y tecnologías de la salud, lo que constituye un ensañamiento criminal contra el pueblo de la Isla.

Which in my rough translation reads:

The Bush administration has strengthened the application of the embargo against Cuba with particular force against the Cuban tourist industry. The blockade also extends to medicine and health-care technology, constituting criminal brutality against the people of Cuba.

I guess if you’re going to lie, there’s no reason to waste the effort on a little fib. Just go ahead and tell a whopper. As many faithful readers know, after the passage of the Trade Sanctions and Reform Act of 2000, the embargo was lifted on medicine and medical devices.

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Copyright © 2007 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Aug

21

Freight Forwarder Fined For False Statements on Export Documents


Posted by at 6:37 pm on August 21, 2007
Category: BIS

BIS LogoIf you thought BIS could only come after you for exports of dual-use items, you would be wrong — a lesson learned the hard way by P.R.A. World Wide Trading Co., Inc., a freight forwarder which was fined $250,000 pursuant to a Settlement Agreement released last week. According to the Settlement Agreement, P.R.A. understated the value of exports on 41 separate Shipper’s Export Declarations (SEDs) filed in 2001 and 2002. The BIS agreed to suspend $90,000 of the penalty contingent upon PRA not committing any further violations for one year.

The Settlement Agreement alleged that PRA’s conduct violated two provisions of the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”). First, since PRA conspired with its shippers to understate the value of the shipments, PRA violated section 764.2(d) which prohibits conspiracies to violate the EAR. Second, the false statements on the SEDs violated section 764.2(g)(1)(ii) which prohibits making any false statement on an “export control document.”

For a company that didn’t voluntarily disclose the violations, that’s a fairly good deal, since BIS could have fined PRA up to $462,000, i.e. $11,000 for 42 violations (41 false statements and 1 conspiracy). Perhaps the fine reduction reflected the fact that the President and owner of PRA, Igor Cherkassky, pleaded guilty in December 2006 to a conspiracy to file false SEDs and was sentenced to two months of imprisonment, three years of supervised release, a $5,000 criminal fine, and a $100 special assessment.

False statements on SEDs not only violate the EAR and the criminal provisions of 50 U.S.C. § 1705(b), but also violate other federal laws. Willful misstatements on an SED are punishable under 13 U.S.C. § 305, which provides for civil penalties and for a criminal penalty of five years imprisonment. And, of course, such false statements are also punishable under 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(3), which also can result in up to five years in jail.

So it might be said that PRA got off fairly lightly. One question I have is what happened to the exporters themselves? BIS charged a conspiracy between PRA and its exporters to understate the value of the shipments. Clearly the exporters were doing this to try to reduce their liability for import duties imposed by the destination country. They would, therefore, seem just as culpable, maybe even more culpable, than the freight forwarder in this case.

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Copyright © 2007 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Aug

17

U.S. Prepares to Designate Eritrea as State Sponsor of Terrorism


Posted by at 2:27 pm on August 17, 2007
Category: Sanctions

Eritrean StampDuring a briefing held today Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jindayi Frazer announced that the United States is preparing to designate Eritrea as a “state sponsor of terrorism.” Such a designation would be made under the provisions of 50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j), which requires a finding that a country “has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.”

The U.S. intends to base its argument for designation of Eritrea as a state sponsor of terrorism on a July 18 report of the United Nations that found that “huge quantities of arms” have been provided Al-Qaeda linked groups in Somalia “by and through Eritrea.” These arms “include an unknown number of surface-to-air missiles, suicide belts, and explosives with timers and detonators.”

If designated, Eritrea would join the list of state sponsors of terrorism that currently is comprised by Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria. Designation would automatically result in an arms embargo against Eritrea pursuant to section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. § 2780. It could also serve as a justification of a ban on imports from, and exports to, Eritrea.

Imposition of an arms embargo and/or comprehensive sanctions, including bans on imports and exports, would probably have minimal effect on U.S. exporters — or on Eritrea, for that matter. The Section 655 report for 2006 shows no licenses granted for shipments of arms to Eritrea. Other trade between Eritrea and the United States is small, which is not surprising given that Eritrea’s economy is overwhelmingly based on subsistence agriculture. Exports from the United States to Eritrea in 2006 were valued at $8,848,000. Imports from Eritrea to the United States in 2006 were even less and were valued at $858,000.

One area in which sanctions might be effective would be in cash remittances. The State Department estimates that currently 32% of the GDP of Eritrea is provided by overseas workers remitting cash back to their families and relatives in Eritrea. And a large number of Eritreans live in the United States. So, if Eritrea is designated and sanctions are imposed, my guess is that we will see prohibitions on cash remittances to Eritrea.

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Copyright © 2007 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
(No republication, syndication or use permitted without my consent.)

Aug

16

Mapping the Cuban Che-Gnome


Posted by at 10:29 pm on August 16, 2007
Category: Cuba Sanctions

The Cuban Che-Gnome

An excellent news story in the Miami Herald by Douglas Hanks on the Travelocity fine, which we first blogged about here, raises some interesting questions. (Full disclosure: Hanks interviewed me for the article).

First, Hanks (being a real reporter and not a lowly blogger) called Travelocity to ask about the fine and the response that he got was a whopper, if you know what I mean:

”In no way did the company intend to sell trips to Cuba,” the spokeswoman, Ashley Johnson, wrote in an e-mail Tuesday. “The trips to Cuba . . . were unintentionally booked online because of a technical issue several years ago and it’s just now being settled.”

I’m not buying it. You can’t “unintentionally” include Cuban flights on a website and then “unintentionally” take money from a traveller and then “unintentionally” pay it to an airline for a flight to Cuba. Maybe you can unintentionally leave the “District of Columbia” off of your drop-down list of destinations; you don’t unintentionally add Cuba to that list.

The Miami Herald story also got a current travel provider to confess that they are still facilitating travel bookings to Cuba:

Kayak.com, a popular travel website operated out of Norwalk, Conn., does advertise Cuba vacations. Though Expedia, Travelocity and other large travel sites set their own prices, Kayak merely receives ”referral fees” from travel providers who get business through the site, spokeswoman Kellie Pelletier said. Because of that, she said, it is free to post the Cuba offerings

Huh? Has anyone at kayak.com actually read the Cuban Assets Control Regulations? That rationale makes no sense — there is no “referral fee” exception in those regulations.

Whether or not kayak.com is violating the Cuban embargo is a close question. The kayak.com site will generate a list of Havana hotels. If you provide dates of your intended stay, the site will take you to another site which will provide rates for those dates, will book the hotel for those dates and, presumably, will pay a referral fee back to kayak.com for the booking.

This might well be seen as more than simply providing information about Cuban hotels and would arguably seem to make kayak.com a “travel service provider” under section 515.572. “Travel service providers” are required to obtain an OFAC license. Under section 515.572, “travel service providers” are defined as parties that “provide services in connection with travel to Cuba,” including “arranging hotel accommodations.” The kayak.com website provides a list of hotels, permits a click-through reservation for specific dates for those hotels, and receives a “referral fee” in exchange. That looks like providing a service in connection with Cuba travel to me.

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Copyright © 2007 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
(No republication, syndication or use permitted without my consent.)