Author Archive


Nov

1

Oh, Canada . . .


Posted by at 3:02 pm on November 1, 2006
Category: DDTC

Dual National FlagAccording to a leaked memo prepared by the Canadian Defence Department, Canada is upset about DDTC’s rules regarding transfer of technical data to Canadian dual nationals. This threatens a planned purchase by the Canadian government of U.S. helicopters, airplanes and other military equipment destined for Canadian troops in Afghanistan.

Under the Canadian exemption in the ITAR (22 C.F.R. § 126.5), technical data required to maintain U.S. defense articles may be transferred to “Canadian-registered” individuals. Canadian-registered is defined to include Canadian dual nationals except for dual nationals where the second country is one of the embargoed countries listed in § 126.1 — e.g. Cuba, Iran, China, etc. The Canadian Defence Department claims that “to undertake discriminatory employment practices based on nationality is contrary to Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms.” As a result, Canadian firms cannot provide maintenance on U.S. exported products and, in response, Canada is threatening to purchase military equipment from non-U.S. sources.

Greg Suchan, Deputy Assistant Secretary and Acting Assistant Secretary of the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs at State, is negotiating this matter with the Canadians, but he doesn’t appear to be particularly swayed by Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms:

Suchan, the senior State Department official leading the current negotiations, said he hoped a solution could be found but stressed his government controls access to its military technology because ”we have a feeling in our gut” about the link between nationality and possible threats.

”I understand there is concern here in Canada about the treatment of nationality,” Suchan told a symposium on Canada-U.S. military co-operation. ”If somebody is a citizen of a country that is very, very problematic for export-control purposes, we need to take that into account.”

Canada is hoping to persuade Suchan otherwise by proposing to establish a special security clearance procedure for affected dual nationals. My guess is that the State Department will be sceptical of any procedure that gives clearance to Canadians with dual citizenship given the dim view that the State Department gives to providing security clearances to U.S. citizens with dual nationality.

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Copyright © 2006 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Oct

31

Guns and Gladiolas: Viktor Bout’s Path to the SDN List


Posted by at 3:08 pm on October 31, 2006
Category: OFACU.N. Sanctions

Only known photo of Viktor BoutYesterday OFAC issued a new set of designations of individuals under the sanctions regime for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In that designation, OFAC amended the designation of Viktor Anatolijevitch Bout to include the DRC Sanctions as the reason for designation in addition to the Liberia sanctions under which Bout had already been designated.

Mr. Bout has a more interesting story than most SDNs. Starting in 1992, Bout built a network of aircraft that he used to carry everything from guns to gladiolas. It was the former product, and not the latter, which got Mr. Bout into hot water. There appeared to be substantial evidence that bout was running weapons to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan, the Taliban, Angola and the UNITA rebels that sought to overthrow Angola, Charles Taylor of Liberia and Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi.

After the U.S. incursion into Iraq, Mr. Bout also began to provide services to the U.S. military and its contractors. Shortly after the fall of Baghdad, the United States coordinated a massive airlift of goods and supplies into Iraq. According to a just-published article in Foreign Policy by Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun, Bout played a role in that airlift:

But to their embarrassment, U.S. officials later learned that many of the Russian planes were operated by companies and crews working for Viktor Bout. His planes were flying Federal Express shipments for the U.S. Air Force, tents for the U.S. Army, and oil field equipment and personnel for KBR, a Halliburton subsidiary. In the months that followed, Bout’s flagship firm flew hundreds of sorties in and out of Baghdad, earning millions of dollars from U.S. taxpayers.

Bout’s involvement in the Iraq airlift caused the U.S. to delay impositions of sanctions on Bout. OFAC continued to squabble with the Pentagon which claimed that it had no obligation to scrutinize second-tier subcontractors such as Bout, who was ferrying items for KBR. Finally in April 2005, sanctions were imposed on Bout for his dealings with the Charles Taylor regime of Liberia. UN Sanctions followed in November 2005. Even so, there appears to be evidence that Bout-operated planes have continued to ferry goods into Baghdad’s airport, at least according to Farah and Braun.

The purpose of designating Bout under a second sanctions regime at this point seems unclear. Perhaps OFAC hopes that this might double the penalty for dealing with Bout, although the legal basis for such a supposition is doubtful. More likely it may be to preserve a second basis for sanctions against Bout if the Liberia sanctions should be ended for some reason.

In all events, Mr. Bout is alive and well in Moscow. He has always claimed that he has no idea, absolutely no idea whatsoever, what was in those packages he delivered throughout the world to rebels and dictators. He continues to reside in a luxury apartment complex and to carry on his business undeterred. As Messrs. Farah and Braun state:

Conceding their difficult straits, U.S. officials admit that there is no clear evidence that Bout’s air fleet has been diminished or his activities slackened as a result of the sanctions. “You never can say with 100 percent certainty that he is gone,” says Zarate—who is now President George W. Bush’s chief counterterror deputy at the NSC. “He is very, very good at doing his business.” The Europeans find it equally hard. “He doesn’t go away. He just keeps changing his aircraft and registrations, hoping that he will outlast the interest in following him,” says a European military intelligence source. “So far, he is right.”

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Copyright © 2006 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Oct

30

The Silent Treatment


Posted by at 2:06 pm on October 30, 2006
Category: DDTC

BacklogIn an effort to deal with its ever increasing backlog of license applications and agreements, DDTC announced on Friday that it was locking up all its licensing officers in their offices and throwing away the keys until the backlog was cleared. Well, not exactly.

Instead, DDTC said that the Response Team would handle all incoming calls. They also made clear that licensing officers won’t be picking up their phones anymore:

We ask that you refrain from contacting licensing officers directly, as voice mail messages will simply direct you to the Response Team.

While efforts to rein in the out-of-control and growing backlog problem are commendable, the prospect of being remitted to the euphemistically monikered “Response Team” is not exactly inviting. I suppose that “Response Team” isn’t completely inaccurate in the sense that “Responses” are provided; the problem is that these “Responses” are often wrong. I’m sure we all have anecdotes of erroneous information coming from the Response Team, but my current favorite involves a member of the team telling an overseas agent that he didn’t have to register as a broker because he was not a consignee of the goods involved!

Perhaps the ultimate goal here is that by denying access to the licensing teams, more license applications will be deficient from the outset and can simply be returned without further action by the staff.

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Copyright © 2006 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Oct

27

AIA Announces Another Foray into Export Reform


Posted by at 2:59 pm on October 27, 2006
Category: Arms Export

AIA LogoAt the Strategic Security Blog, run by the Federation of American Scientists, Matt Schroeder reports today on a briefing given last week at a Washington think tank by Mark Esper of the Aerospace Industries Association. Esper announced “Phase II” of the AIA’s campaign to reform U.S. export laws.

Some of you may remember Phase I which included the proposal to remove the license requirement for export of certain items on the USML to Australia and the United Kingdom. That proposal met its ignominious end in 2004 in the House International Relations Committee in 2004 at the hands of Chairman Henry Hyde who seemed convinced that the U.K and Australia would divert unlicensed exports from the U.S. to various unspecified but problematic nations and groups.

According to Schroeder, Esper revealed little about the content of Phase II other than to say that the proposals were “measurable, attainable, and meaningful,” that they were “capable of reasonably quick implementation by the administration,” and that (at least some of) the proposals “do not involve Congressional action.” Oddly the AIA’s White Paper on Export Reform has disappeared from the AIA’s website or, rather, the link to that White Paper is now broken. Once bitten, twice shy, I suppose.

So, we’ll have to wait and see both what AIA intends to propose and whether the 110th Congress will be more open to reform than its predecessors.

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Copyright © 2006 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
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Oct

26

Export Charges Added to Family Spy Ring Case


Posted by at 7:05 pm on October 26, 2006
Category: Criminal Penalties

SpiesYesterday a new indictment for conspiracy to export controlled technical data was issued against a family that had been previously indicted for failing to register as agents of the Chinese government. At the center of the case is naturalized U.S. citizen Chi Mak who worked for a defense contractor in California. Mak allegedly took files from his employer about, among other things, naval ship design. He then encrypted them, hid them as music files on a CD, and passed the CD to his brother Tai for delivery to the Chinese government. The CD never made it to China, but was found in Tai’s luggage at LAX as he prepared to depart for China.

Mak’s problem, however, is not only the indictment. He has also hired a lawyer who doesn’t appear to have a clue about export law, at least judging from this statement:

[The] attorney for Chi Mak . . . said he hadn’t seen the indictment. He said his client worked with sensitive information as part of his job, but never misused it or stole intelligence.

“My client is involved in an area of technology that is not classified — is not even prohibited from distribution,” [Mak’s attorney] said. “It’s a strong sign that they are desperately trying to find whatever counts can stick. They’ve overcharged this case consistently.”

As any export lawyer or export compliance officer knows, technical data on USML items need not relate to classified or restricted technology in order to require a license for export. It only needs to be company-proprietary technical information about a USML-listed defense article.

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Copyright © 2006 Clif Burns. All Rights Reserved.
(No republication, syndication or use permitted without my consent.)